Matter

Matter is any substance that has mass and volume (occupies space).

Classification of matter

1. Physical classification
   1. Solid
   2. Liquid
   3. Gaseous
2. Chemical classification
   1. Pure substance
      1. Element
         1. Metal
         2. Non-metal
         3. Metalloid
      2. Compound
         1. Organic
         2. Inorganic
   2. Impure substance (Mixture)
      1. Homogeneous
      2. Heterogeneous

1.A. Solid state

• The matter which has definite shape, mass and volume.
• Intermolecular force is strong.
• E.g. bat and marble.

1.B. Liquid state

• The matter which has indefinite shape and definite volume.
• Intermolecular force is neither strong nor weak.
• E.g. water and oil.

1.C. Gaseous state

• The matter which has neither definite shape nor definite volume.
• Intermolecular force is weak.
• E.g. oxygen and hydrogen.

2.A. Pure substance

• It consists of only one kind of substance and can't split into more than one kind of substances.
• E.g. copper, nitrogen and silicon.

2.A.I. Element

• An element is a substance that is made from one type of atom.
• E.g. gold, carbon and boron.

2.A.I.a. Metal

• It is an element with good conductivity of heat and electricity.
• These are electropositive elements tend to lose electrons to form positive ions.
• They are solid, lustrous, malleable and ductile.
• E.g. gold, silver and copper.

2.A.I.b. Non-metal

• It is an element without conductivity of heat and electricity.
• These are electronegative elements tend to gain electrons to form negative ions.
• They are non-lustrous and brittle.
• It can be found in solid, liquid and gaseous states.
• E.g. carbon, oxygen and nitrogen.

2.A.I.c. Metalloid

• It has properties of both metal and non-metals.
• It is generally a semi-conductor.
• E.g. boron, silicon and germanium.

2.A.II. Compound

• It is the combination of two or more than two different elements in definite proportion of mass.
• E.g. water, sugar and salt.

2.A.II.a. Organic Compound

• Compounds that are obtained from living sources.
• E.g. carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

2.A.II.b. Inorganic Compound

• Compounds that are obtained from non-living sources.
• E.g. salt, carbon dioxide and washing soda.

2.B. Impure substance (mixture)

• It is a combination of two or more substances with indefinite proportion of mass.
• E.g. Petrol, milk and cement

2.B.I. Homogeneous

• It has uniform composition of mixture and no visible separation.
• E.g. salted water.

2.B.II. Heterogeneous

• It has non-uniform composition of mixture and visible separation.
• E.g. iron particles in sand.